Sodium+in+potato+chips

=﻿ = ** Sodium Chloride **

**What is the chemical formula, chemical structure, molar mass and the CAS Registry number of the analyte you will be working with?**

The analyte we are working with is Sodium Chloride, its chemical formula being NaCl  The structure of this chemical is based as a typical ionic structure, meaning it is a compound, where we cannot state just how many ions there really are. There could be billions of sodium and chloride particles all constantly moving about each other. This chemical also contains ionic bonding, with the sodium having one electron on its outer layer and chlorine needing one more electron for its outer layer. They work together by giving and receiving the electrons needed to fill their ring and forming an ion. The formation of sodium chloride is arranged in such a way that each particle is surrounded by oppositely charged neighbors, such as the picture below. The Molar Mass of the chemical is **58.44277 g/mol** and has a CAS Registry Number of **7647-14-5**.



** Find and print out a free MSDS for the chemical you are studying. **

[|Sodium chloride MSDS]

** What are the health benefits of consuming the chemical you are working with? **

When thinking of Sodium Chloride, most people’s first reaction is that it is bad and unhealthy for you. This is true to the consumption of large quantities; however this chemical also contains many health benefits. Sodium is needed by your body to help with proper blood flow, it helps maintain the electrolyte balance in and out of your cells and is needs to be used to replenish these electrolytes, especially after exercising. Having a good salt to water ratio within your body provides good metabolism, and the chemical can also show early signs of health problems by examining it in the blood flow. Overall, your body needs certain amounts of sodium each day to properly function and carry out your basic needs.

** What are the health risks of consuming too much of the chemical you are working with? **

It is widely known that the quantity of salt we tend to ingest nowadays is not beneficial to our health at all. The amount the general population does intake on a daily basis has risen so high over the years because of the ever growing processed and "convenient" food industries. Most anything we buy in stores are loaded with salt as preservatives of merely to add flavour. This huge difference has proven to cause many health problems in the human population such as **hypertension**, also known as high blood pressure, which **elevates** **the systemic arterial blood pressure** in particular. Hypertension in itself may lead to **strokes**, **eyesight trouble**, **heart failure** and causes a **lower life expectancy**. Other health risks of ingesting high amounts of sodium are **osteoporosis** and **stomach cancer**. A certain amount of salt and sodium are in fact necessary to our bodies to maintain balance, but in the same way too much can **throw off the equilibrium of fluid** in our bodies and cause you to retain water. Overall, people in the world are eating much too much salt and it causes many health risks that nobody wants.

** What is the normal or acceptable amount of your group's analyte, in the substance you will be analyzing? **

The average sodium intake amongst adults in the UK is 3.7 grams per day (equivalent to 9.5 grams or around 2 tsp of salt) and is well above the amount needed to maintain normal functions in a temperate climate. **The RNI (recommended nutrient intake) for sodium is only 0.5 grams per day**.

** Investigate the instrumentation or techniques required to carry out the analysis you will do. **

//The Instruments needed for this analysis of Sodium Chloride are://


 * Sodium Ion Selective Electrode
 * Sodium Ion Selective Electrode fill solution
 * Pipette for fill solution
 * PASCO CI-6738 ISE (Ion Selective Electrode) Amplifier
 * Science Workshop 2.2.5 of greater
 * PASCO Science Workshop Computer Interface
 * Semi logarithmic 4-cycle graph paper for preparing calibration curves
 * Magnetic stir plate
 * Lab-ware made of plastic for all low level instruments (do not use glass)

//Equipment/Instruments need for solutions are: //


 * Deionized or distilled water for solution and preparation
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ionic Strength Adjuster (ISA) 4 M NH4Cl/4 M NH4 OH
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sodium Electrolyte Storage Solution 5 M NaCl

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">How does the instrumentation or technique work to measure the substance you are looking for?

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">After crushing the potato chips and making a solution with it and the distilled water, you put the ISE (without the cap) into the solution. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The instrumentation measures the substance by measuring the conductivity of the water - the solution has a charge because of the ions we are working with. By measuring the conductivity of the solution, we can analyze the concentration of sodium, seeing if the chips contain more than 1.6 g of sodium, the recommended nutrient intake per day. Before using the ISE, you need to make up a fill solution that contains sodium ions. This allows the ISE to recognize what ion we are looking for in the solution, and will then pick out the sodium in the solution of potato chips and distilled water.

** What other chemicals are required to do the analysis? **

The chemicals needed are distilled water, Sodium Electrode Storgage Solution, Ammonium Solution, Ammonium Hydroxyde, Ionic Strength Adjuster and Sodium Chloride.

** Look up and print out the MSDS for each chemical required to do the analysis. **

[|Distilled Water MSDS] [|Sodium Electrode Storage Solution MSDS] [|Ammonium Chloride MSDS] [|Ammonium Hydroxide MSDS] <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px;">[|Ionic Strength Adjuster MSDS] [|Sodium chloride MSDS]

** Outline the steps required to carry out the analysis. **

//Electrode Preparation -// Remove rubber cap from electrode Hook up the electrode to amplifier and computer

//Experiment Prepartations -//

1. Buy different brands of potato chips 2. Take the chips and crush them up as much as possible, to as little as possible a size (use a mortar) 3. Weigh out a measurement of the chips, 10 grams being a good starting point 4. Whatever the weight you chose, add 10 times as much water to the chips to form a solution 5. Place the solution in the Magnetic Stirring Plate overnight so that the sodium will be extracted from the chips 6. After the solution is mixed in the beaker it must be transferred to a larger Volume Flask for more precice measuring 7. Stir the solution again with the Magnetic Stirring Plate to be sure you have a homogenous solution 8. Measure 50 ml of the solution into a beaker and add 1 ml of ISA 9. Place the ISE into the sodium solution so that it can measure the amount of sodium found 10. Be sure to record all data in your Lab Book

** Make a list of the skills you will need to have training in, in order to perform the analysis properly. **

Before performing this analysis, you should be sure to have the proper WHMIS training as well as basic computer skills. For the experiment itself, you should know how to use the Magnetic Stirring Plate as well as the ISE (refer to manual for instructions).

=Sodium Ion Selective Electrode Manual: =

//Frito-Lay Lay's Potato Chips - Original// (for a small bag, 28.3 g) claims to have **180 mg** of sodium**.** // Old Dutch Potato Chips - Original // (for small bag, 28 g) claims to have **130 mg** of sodium. // Humpty Dumpty Potato Chips - Original // (for a small bag, 16 g) claims to have **100 mg** of sodium.

After looking at these sodium counts, we are going to do an analysis to see if these companies are true to their nutrition facts, or if they are a little off...or even way off.

** Sodium Analysis in Potato Chips PowerPoint **

** References: **

// Question One //

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Kurtus, Ron. (2004, January). //Chemistry equations//. Retrieved from []

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Clark, Jim. (2010, February). //Ionic stuctures//. Retrieved from []

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Encyclopedia, Britannica. (2008, February). //Sodium chloride stucture//. Retrieved from []

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; margin: 7.5pt 7.5pt 7.5pt 0in;">Baker, JT. (2009, August 17). //Sodium chloride//. Retrieved from []

//Question Two//

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 18px;">Baker, JT. (2009, August 17). //Sodium chloride//. Retrieved from <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px;">[]

//Question Three//

//<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: normal;">Hannemen, R. (2001). //Diet&lifestyle salt research//. Internet Health Library. []// // ﻿ // //<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">MediLexicon,. (2004). //Salt (sodium chloride), what it is and how it affects your health//. Medical News Today. []//

//Question Four//

//﻿// //<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">MediLexicon,. (2004). //Salt (sodium chloride), what it is and how it affects your health//. Medical News Today. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px;">[] // // ﻿ // //Question Five//

//﻿// //<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">MediLexicon,. (2004). //Salt (sodium chloride), what it is and how it affects your health//. Medical News Today. <span style="background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px;">[] //

// ﻿ Question Six// //﻿// <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; margin: 7.5pt; text-indent: -15pt;">PBoyle, Peter. (1997). Sodium Ion Selective Electrode. (1997). //Instruction Manuel and Experiment Guide//. PASCO scientific.

Pictures found at:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.pasco.com/featured-products/ion-selective-electrodes/page_3.cfm

//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">﻿ Question Seven// //﻿// <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; margin: 7.5pt; text-indent: -15pt;">PBoyle, Peter. (1997). Sodium Ion Selective Electrode. (1997). //Instruction Manuel and Experiment Guide//. PASCO scientific.

// ﻿ Question Eight// //﻿// <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; margin: 7.5pt; text-indent: -15pt;">PBoyle, Peter. (1997). Sodium Ion Selective Electrode. (1997). //Instruction Manuel and Experiment Guide//. PASCO scientific. //<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; margin: 7.5pt; text-indent: -15pt;">﻿ // // ﻿ Question Nine// //<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: normal;">Decagon, (2007). //Material safety data sheet distilled water 40464//. Pullman, Washington: Decagon Devices.// //<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: normal;">Science Lab.com. //Material safety data sheet sodium nitrate, 5m ionic strength adjustor msds//. Houston, Texas:// //Science Lab Chemicals & Laboratory Equipment.// //<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: normal;">Thermo,. //Orion 841101 sodium electrode storage solution material safety data sheet//. Beverly, MA: Thermo Scientific.// //<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: normal;">Baker, J.T. (2007). //Ammonium chloride msds//. Phillipsburg, NJ: Malinckrodt Chemicals.// //<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'times new roman',times,serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: normal;">Science Lab.com,. //Material safety data sheet ammonium hydroxide msds//. Houston, Texas: Science Lab Chemistry and Laboratory Equipment.//

//﻿// // ﻿ Question Ten// //﻿// <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; margin: 7.5pt; text-indent: -15pt;">PBoyle, Peter. (1997). Sodium Ion Selective Electrode. (1997). //Instruction Manuel and Experiment Guide//. PASCO scientific. //<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; margin: 7.5pt; text-indent: -15pt;">﻿ // // ﻿ Question Eleven//

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; margin: 7.5pt; text-indent: -15pt;">PBoyle, Peter. (1997). Sodium Ion Selective Electrode. (1997). //Instruction Manuel and Experiment Guide//. PASCO scientific.